Africa

Hw. p 440-448 main ideas= details make it good or else mr green is gunna kill me.

· Muslim trans-sahara and red sea trades were already established when the Europeans justified the enslavement of Africans · African societies developed forms of servitude, which varied from a peasant status to something much more like chattel slavery in which people considered things, as ** “property with a soul”. ** · In many African societies the land was owned by the state or ruler, the control of slaves was one way an individual could increase their status and wealth · Slaves were used as, field workers, servants, concubines, soldiers and administrators · Servitudes were benign and were an extension of linage and kinship system · Although slaves were used in many ways in African socities, domestic slavery and the extension of linages through the addiction of female members remained a central feature in many places · Historians believe the excess of women led to polygyny –having more than 1 wife at a time · In Sudanic states, slavery was viewed as legitimate fate for nonbelievers but was illegal for Muslims · ** Ahmad Baba of Tumbuktu ** was against enslavement of Muslims in the Niger valley slaves were used for gold mining and salt production · African rulers didn’t enslave their own people · Between 1500-1750, as the gunpowder empires and expanding international commerce of Europe entered sub-Saharan Africa · The endless wars promoted the importance of military · Sometimes Muslim states of the savanna or the lake chad, took on religious overtone of believers against nonbelievers · Self-sufficiency and anti-authoritarian ideas developed among the peoples who bore the brunt of the slaving attacks · Monopolize the trade with Europeans but Europeans fears of any coastal power that became to strong blocked the creation of centralized states under the shadow of Europeans forts · With the access of European goods, horses, clothes, tobacco, and iron western and central African kingdoms began to redirect trade toward the coast and to expand their influence
 * African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade **
 * Slaving and African Politics **

· In the area called the golden coast by the Europeans, the empire of Asante rose to prominence in the period of the slave trade. The members Akan were the asente, the major group of Ghana · They settled around ** Kumasi **, a region of gold and kola nut production that are between Hausa and Mande · Under Osei Tutu, the title asantehene was created to designate the supremem civil and religious leader · His golden stool became the symbol of an asante union that was create by linking the Akan clans un the asantehene but reorganizing the autonomy · By 1700, the Dutch on the cost realized that a new power had emerged · Gold continued to be a major item of export, by the end of the 17th century, slaves made up almost two-thirds of asante’s trade · The kingdom of Benin was at the height of its power when the Europeans arrived · 1516, the ruler or oba limited the slave trade from benin, they never made slave trade a state policy · The kingdom of ** dahomey **, develped among the Fon peoples, had a differnat response to the European presence · 1720s firearms allowed the rulers to create an autocratic based on slave trade · In the 1720s under the king agaja the kingdom of dahmoney moved towards the coast · Into the 19th century dahomey was a slaving state · More than 1.8 million slaves were exported between 1640-1890 · Traditional art, crafts such as bronze casting, woodcarving, and weaving · African artist found traditional symbols and themes form motherhood to royal power · On the east coast of Africa, Swahili trading citied continued their commerce in the Indian ocean · The Portuguese and indo-Portuguese settlers along the Zambezi river in Mozambique used slave soldiers to increase their territories · Swahili, Indian, and the Arabian merchants followed the European model and set up clove plantations using African slave laborers · Bantu speaker predominated, but many peoples inhabited the region · Bantu stated had immigrants, even when the newcomers established ruling dynasties · Nilotic group, especially Luo peoples, resulted in the construction of related dynasties among the states · Near lake veronica a strong monarchy ruled · These developments in the interior, were less influenced by the growing contact with the outside world than the regions of Africa · Bambara kingdoms of segun were pagen · The process of islamization, which had been important in the days of the mali and songhay empires · 1770s, muslim reform movement began to sweep the western sudan · Religious brotherhood emerged, had intense impact on Fulani, a pastoral people who were spread across a broad area of western sudan · 1804 Usuman ** Dan Fodia **, a studious Muslim scholar, began to preach the reformist ideology in the hausa kingdoms · His movement became a revolution in 1804, seeing himself as god’s instrument, preached a jihad against the Hausa kings, were not following the teaching of Muhammad · A new kingdom, based in the city of sokoto, developed under dan fadio’s son and brother · By 1840 the effects of islamization and the Fulani expansion were felt across west Africa · Literacy became widely spread · Regions of savanna, 30-50% of the population were slaves · People practicing farming and using tools were living south of the Limpopo river · Bantu speakers spread southward and established their villages · Mixed farming and pastoralism spread throughout the region · Bantu people practiced agriculture and herding, worked with iron and copper tools, weapons and traded with their neighbors · Men worked as artisan and herders · Women did the farming and housework and sometimes organized labor communally · Chiefs held power with the support of relatives and with the acceptance of the people · Junior linages to form new villages created a process for expansion that led to competition · In 1652 the Dutch east India company established a colony at the cape of good hope to serve as a provisioning post for ships sailing to Asia · The cape colony depended on slave labor brought by the Indonesia and Asia · 1760s the dutch or Boer, farmers had crossed the orange river in search for new land · As the Boers pushed to northward the southern bantu were extending the movement to south · Great Britain seized the cape colony in 1795 and then took it under formal British control in 1815 · After 1834, when Britain abolished slavery and imposed restrictions on landholding, groups of Boers staged their Great Trek · This movement brought them across the orange river and into natal on more fertile east coast, which Boers believed to be only inhabited by Africans · A unification process begun in some of the northern chiefdoms, a new military organization emerged · 1818 leadership fell to Shaka, reformed the loose forces into regiments organized by linage and age · Fighting men were only allowed to marry only after they completed their service · Shaka’s own Zulu chiefdom became the center of this military and political organization · shaka demonstrated talent as a politician, destroying the ruling families of the groups he incorporated into the growing zulu state · he ruled with an iron hand, destroying his enemies · 1828, shaka reforms remained in place, and his successors built on the structure he created · Zulu remained themost impressive military force in black Africa · The rise of zulu was the beginning of the mfecane or wars of crushing and wandering · New African states such as the swazi, that adopted aspects of the zulu model emerged · One state, Lesotho successfully resisted the zulu example · Zulu wars of 1870s that zulu power was crushed by great Britain
 * Asante and Dahomey **
 * East Africa and the Sudan **
 * White settlers and Africans in southern Africa **
 * The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise the Power **

Notp448-454 ** The ** ** African diaspora: Slave lives ** · The import into Africa of European firearms, Indian textiles, Indonesian shells, American tobacco in return for African ivory, gold, and slaves, demonstrated a strong into the mercantile structure of the world · Slavery meant capture in war, separation from family and friends and they were forced to march to an interior trading town · Overcrowding was less of a factor in mortality than the length of the voyage · The middle passage, or slave voyage to the Americas was horrible, slaves were taken from their homes, confined faced poor hygiene, disease and bad treatment · Their situation sometimes led to suicide · Slaves across the Atlantic were brought to the Americas · Plantation system, sugar producing on the Atlantic islands of Spain and Portugal · West Africans societies practiced intensive agriculture · Barbados and Virginia, servants from England were replaced by enslaved Africans when new crops like sugar were introduced · Slaves were artisans, street vendors and household servants · Each American slave based society reflected the variations of its European origin · African born saltwater slaves, who were almost black and their American born descendants · Creole slaves, were mulattoes as a result of the sexual exploitation of slave women · Free whites were on the top, slaves were at the bottom, and free people of color were intermediate position · The sense of color, race played a role in American slavery · Important African nobles or religious leaders, who were sold into slavery · In the 18th century the Caribbean islands where the indigenous population had died out · Brazil had a large number of slaves imported but its more diverse population and economy · 35% of the population were slaves, but free people of color and descendants of slaves, made 1/3 each · By 1850, fewer than 1 percent of the slaves there were African born ** The ** ** people and goals in exile ** · Slaves life was difficult and short · Family formation was difficult because of the general storage of female slaves · Family members were separated by scale · In Americans, African slaves had to adapt and to incorporate other African people’s ideas and customs into their lives · Religion was an example of continuity, slaves converted to Catholicism by the Spaniards and the Portuguese · In English islands, obeah was the name given to the African religious practices and the men and women knowledge in them were held in regard · In the practices of Brazilian candomble and Haitian vodun, fully developed versions of African religions flourished · In reality the middle passage meant that religious ideas were easier to transfer than the institutional aspects of religion · In 1835 in bahia the largest slave rebellion in brazil was organized by muslim Yoruba and hausa slaves · In brazil by the 17th century, palmares an enormous runway slave kingdom with many villages and a population 8000-10000 people resisted Portugal and dutch attempts to destroy it   · In north America slave trade was less important · African American resistance is found in the forest of suriname, a former dutch plantation colony. **End** ** of the slave trade and the abolition of slavery ** · These changes were manifestations of the enlightenment, the age of revolution, Christian revivalism and the industrial revolution · African socties began to export peanuts, cotton and palm oil · The British plantation economies booming in the period form 1790-1830 and the plantations in cuba, brazil, and southern US flourished · Opponents of slavery and the brutality of trade had appeared in the mid-18th century · Philosopher jean-jacques rosseau in France and political economist Adam smith in England wrote against it  · In acrient rome during the spread of Christianity and islam, the enslavement of barbarians of nonbelievers was seen as positive · Under the leadership of religious humanitarians, such as john wesly and William Wilberforce, an abolitionist movement gained strength against the merchants and west indies interests · The full end of slavery didn’t occur until 1888, when it was abolished in brazil
 * Africans in the Americas **
 * American Slave Societies **