7.Mongols


 * ESPIRIT Chart on Chinggis Khan: **

**Main Idea**: Mongol politics and rulers were not chosen by wealth or group but instead chosen by their abilities to lead the tribes in times of need. ||
 * E || **Economic: **
 * Kabul Khan won glory by defeating an army sent against them by the Qin kingdom of north China
 * Temujin’ s reputation grew as a warri
 * Temujin grew as a military commander as well ||
 * S || **Social: **
 * Food was meat and milk from herds
 * People would dress in sheepskins
 * They made boots from tanned sheep hides
 * They lived in tents made of wool
 * Hunted with animals
 * Boys and girls learned how to ride ponies
 * Mongol warriors <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">ride for days
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Women had more rights they had right to be heard in the tribal councils
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">natural warriors were trained from youth to ride, hunt and fight in the mongol tribes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Mongol forces dived into armies made up of basic fighting united called <span style="color: #008080; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;"> tumens
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Mongols tolerant rulers ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">P || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Political: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Tribe was divided into kin-related clans
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">When threatened by enemies the tribe and the clans would combine for months/years in order to beat the enemies.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Leaders were elected by free men of the groups
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Men dominated the society
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Khan consulted with <span style="color: #000080; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Confucian <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">scholars about how to rule China
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Both Chinese and Muslim bureaucrats was created
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">if a leader grew old and <span style="color: #008000; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">﻿feeble his subordinates would abandon him
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">survival depended on attaching themselves to a strong tribal leader
 * khagan was the leader of the mongol tribe
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Interactions: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Drove animals such as sheep from one pasture area to another
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Grain and vegetables were the mainly product of trade
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Khan improved trade with the lands father west
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Trade routes made for prosperous merchants and wealth ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">R || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Religion: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Khan consulted with <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Daoist <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;"> holy men
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Shamanistic (nature spirits)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">People had the right to believe in any religion they wanted. All religions were tolerated. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cultural & Intellectual: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">nomadic culture
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Mongolian languages
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Khan also borrewed their arts and learning
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Khan consulted with Muslim engineers about how to build siege weapons ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">T || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Technology and demographic changes **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">: ||

@http://ietherpad.com/ep/pad/view/ro.Lh0NEAD2div/rev.1941

Hw. read p 315 to the end of chapter For each sub-heading main idea 3 details.

** The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History  ** ** Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture  ** MI: Mongol women remained aloof from Confucian Chinese culture, refusing to adopt anything that would limit their freedom. ** Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence  ** MI: The openness of Mongol rulers to outside ideas, and their patronage, drew scholars, artists, artisans, and office seekers from many regions into the Yuan court. ** Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance  ** MI: The scholar-gentry regarded Mongols as uncouth barbarians with policies endangering Chinese traditions. The refusal to reinstate the examination system was especially resented. ** The fall of the House of Yuan  ** MI: The Yuan Dynasty, which lasted from 1279-1368 A.D., a short life dynasty established by Mongols and by the time of Kubilai's death, the Yuan dynasty was weakening. Song loyalists in the south revolted. ** Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur  ** MI: Just when the peoples of Eurasia began to recover from the effects of Mongol expansion, a new leader, the Turk Timur-i Lang, brought new expansion. ** Global affect  ** MI: The legacy of the Mongol period was both complex and durable. The Mongols brought the Muslim and European worlds’ new military knowledge, especially the use of gunpowder.
 * MI: ** In 1271, Kubilai's dynasty became the Yuan, gaining control of China. As his conquests continued, Kubilai attempted to preserve the distinction between Mongols and Chinese.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Despite the measures protecting Mongol culture, Kubilai was fascinated by Chinese civilization. He adopted much from their culture into his court; the capital at Tatu (Beijing) was in Chinese style.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> A new social structure emerged in China. The Mongols were at the top; their nomadic and Islamic allies were directly below them, beneath the north Chinese and minority of south.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> They refused to adopt foot binding and retained rights to property and control in the household, as well as freedom of movement.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Some Mongol women hunted and went to war. Chabi, wife of Kubilai, was an especially influential woman.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> She convinced Kubilia that harsh treatment of the survivors of the Song imperial family would only anger people and makes them difficult to rule over showing women importance.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Muslim lands provided some of the most favored arrivals; they were included in the social
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> He welcomed foreign visitors. The most famous was the Venetian Marco Polo, where he served as an administrator for 17 years and writing of travel of fantastic tales and descriptions of palaces and wealth.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> The Mongols also bolstered the position of artisans and merchants who previously not had received high status. Both prospered as the Mongols improved transportation and expanded the supply of paper money.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> The Mongols developed a substantial navy that helped conquest and increased commerce. Urban life flourished. Mongol patronage stimulated popular entertainment. ( Romance of the west Chamber was written Chinese dramatic works)
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Kubilai’s policies initially favored the peasantry. Their land was protected from Mongol cavalrymen turning it into pasture, and famine relief measures were introduced.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Tax and labor burdens were reduced. A revolutionary change was formulated but not enacted for establishing elementary education at the village level.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> In a short time they became so weak that popular uprisings broke out and Chu, the leader of one of these popular uprisings, succeeded in uniting several other groups and the nobility and overthrew the Yuan.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Mongol expeditions of 1274 and 1280 against Japan failed. Other Mongol forces were defeated in Vietnam and Java.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Kubilai’s successors lacked talent, and the Yuan administration became corrupt.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> The suffering peasantry was called upon by the scholar-gentry to drive out the barbarians. By the 1350s, the dynasty was too weak to control all of China.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Famines stimulated local risings. White Lotus Society, secret societies dedicated to overthrowing the dynasty formed. Rival rebels fought each other. Many Mongols returned to central Asia.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Finally, a peasant leader, Ju Yuanzhang, triumphed and founded the Ming dynasty.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Timur, a highly cultured individual from a noble, landowning clan, moved from his base at Samarkand to conquests in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> He was delighted to architecture, fine arts, and gardens at the same time ruthless conqueror indifferent to human suffering.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Timur is remembered for the barbaric destruction of conquered lands, his campaigns outdid even the Mongols in their ferocity. His rule did not increase commercial expansion, cross-cultural exchanges or internal peace. He slaughtered people, and built pyramids of skulls.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Internal peace. After his death in 1405, Timur's empire fell apart, and the last great challenge of the steppe nomads to Eurasian civilizations ended.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Trade and cultural contact between different civilizations throughout Eurasia became much easier.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> The trading empires established in their dominions by Venetians and Genoese provided experience useful for later European expansion.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> A consequence was the transmitting of the fleas carrying the bubonic plague—the Black Death—from China and central Asia to the Middle East and Europe.