Early+Latin+America




 * Espirit Chart on Spain conquest **

**Captain Mancio Serra de Leguizamon** was born in Castile to a Basque family · In 1589 he was dying in his bed in Cuzco, the ancient capital of the Incas · When he was 16 he sailed to search for adventure, by 1532 he joined 168 men under the Spanish conquer Francisco Pizarro · The Spain and Portugal during the 15thhh and 16th century tell the stories of glory, personal gain, the creation of empires and the resulting questions about the relationship b/w Europe and the peoples of the world. · Spain and Portugal created empires in the Americas by conquest and settlement · Latin America created important political and cultural forms · Spaniards and Portuguese were often called Iberians because they all came from the Iberian Peninsula, during the middle ages the land were cultural frontiers b/w Christianity and Islam. · Conflicts created a strong tradition of military conquest · Christian kingdoms emerged such as Portugal on the Atlantic coast, Aragon in the eastern Spain. || · By the mid-15th century, Ferdinand of Aragon and his wife Isabella of Castle carried out a program of unification to eliminate the religious and ethnic diversity I their kingdom · Isabella ordered the Jews of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom to convert or leave the country · Spanish and Portuguese were very urban, many peasants living in small towns · Encomiendas- grants of American Indian laborers provided by the framework for relations based on economic dominance. · Spain and Portugal conquests of the Americas can be dived into three period -1492-1570, main lines of administration and economy - 1570-1700, consolidation and maturity <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">-finally the 18th century, period of reform and reorganization · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The first period witnessed a remarkable growth in human destruction and creation · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Immigration, commerce, and exploration linked emerging Atlantic economy · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Caribbean experience served Spain as a model for its actions · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">After Columbus’s voyage, a colony emerged a year after on the island of Santo Domingo or Hispaniola. · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The holder of encomienda an emcomendero, was able to use the people as workers or to tax them · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Spanish American cities usually were laid out according to grid plan or checkerboard form · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Spain and Italy merchants began to import African slaves to work on plantations that were operated on islands · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Disease and conquest annihilated the Caribbean · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Depopulation of the laboring · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Dominican friar Bartolome de las casas, a conquistador turned priest, imitated the struggle for justice · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Pedro cieza de leon, one of the conquistadors od Peru, underlined Spaniards pride · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Montezuma II - the Aztec emperor, was captured and killed · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Cortes and his followers were forced to flee the aztec capital and retreat the coast. · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Disease, resistance, starvation and battle brought aztec city down in 1521 · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">By 1535 most of central Mexico had been brought under Spanish control as the kingdom of New Spain · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Francisco Vazquez de Coronado searched for mythical cities of gold from 1540 to 1542 · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Pedro de Valdivia, conquered the araucanians of central Chile and set up the city of Santiago in 1541 || <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The political organization of Portugal and Spain depended on professional bureaucracy, usually made with trained lawyers and judges <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">To rule, the governorship, the treasury office and the royal court of appeals staffed by professional magistrates · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Spain legalism was part of the institutional transfer · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Body was laws developed · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The church represented at first by individual priest and then by missionaries such as Dominicans || · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Mexico is an example of conquest · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">In 1519 Hernan cortes, an educated man the ability of a leader led an expedition of 600 men to Mexico · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Battles were fought after hearing rumors of great kingdom, he began to strike the island · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Tenochtitlan was replaced by Mexico City · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Conquest involved violence, domination, and theft || **Summary:** The Spanish adopted European’s culture, technology and crop plantations. Spain had transferred their cultures to the Americas, and new colonies emerged because of it; they had a mixed population, and mixed-race marriage was common and children of these unions were accepted without social prejudice. Slavery existed and it was brutal. Most of the slaves were African Americans. Most of the products came from Latin American, and they basically controlled the trade\economy of the western.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">E || <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">**MI:** ﻿ **Indian labor was used first until they started to die out and slave labor replaced them.**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">S || ** MI: The conquistador would take over the landsand attempt it in place of Indian nobility assert themselves as the new ruler **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">P || ** MI: By the late 18th century the spanish colonial system used to rule over its colonies had became outdated and new reforms would replace them **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Spanish expeditions (50-500 men) provided the spearhead of conquest, in their wake followed the women, missionaries, administrators, and artisans who began to form civil society
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">R || <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">MI: After the conquest of the Indians settlements and ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Poetry  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">T || there was not invention at this time ||

__//**Notes on Brazil**//__

**MI:** The Portuguese Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil in 1500; In 1494 the Spanish and Portuguese signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which the world was divided in half for the two signatories to exploit.
 * Brazil: The First Plantation **** Colony **
 * When French merchants became interested; a new system was established in 1532.
 * Towns were founded; sugar plantations were established using Indian and later African slave workers.
 * In 1549, a royal governor created an administration with a capital at Salvador. Jesuit missionaries also arrived. Indian resistance was broken by disease, military force, and missionary action.
 * Portuguese nobles were given land grants called captaincies to colonize and develop.
 * Port cities developed to serve the growing number of sugar plantations increasingly worked by African slave
 * With the sugar plantation Brazil grew rich and, as more colonists explored the interior, they discovered valuable metals.
 * Portugal focused its colonization efforts on Brazil because Africa and Asia resisted Portuguese attempts at settlement
 * While it was virtually impossible for a nonwhite to attain high political office, whites, natives, and blacks mingled freely in society and culture
 * Slavery exsisted and it was brutal
 * Brazilian Portuguese were brutal in their treatment of slaves
 * Mixed-race marriages were common
 * children of these unions were accepted without social prejudice


 * Sugar and Slavery **
 * MI: Brazil became the world's leading sugar producer. The growth and processing of sugar cane required large amounts of capital and labor. **
 * Brazil was the first plantation colony
 * In its social hierarchy, white planter families, linked to merchants and officials, dominated colonial life
 * Slaves, composing about one half of the total population at the close of the seventeenth century, occupied the bottom level
 * In-between these two classes was a growing population of mixed origins: poor whites, Indians, and Africans who were artisans, small farmers, herders, and free workers
 * The cores of the bureaucracy were lawyers
 * Missionaries had an important role; they ran ranches, mills, schools, and church institutions
 * During the 17th century, Brazil became the predominant Portuguese colony
 * It remained closely tied to Portugal
 * **** Brazil's Age of Gold **
 * MI: Competition lowered sugar prices and raised the cost of slaves; Brazil wasn't the greatest plantation anymore but gold was discovered and Brazil became the greatest source of gold in the Western world.**
 * the Dutch, English, and French had established sugar plantation colonies in the Caribbean
 * The resulting competition lowered sugar prices and raised the cost of slaves
 * but gold was discovered in the **Minas Gerais** region in 1695
 * People rushed to the mines and formed new settlements. Mines were worked by slaves
 * Brazil was the greatest source of gold in the Western world
 * The gold and later diamond, discoveries opened the interior to settlement, devastated Indian populations, and weakened coastal agriculture
 * **Rio de Janeiro**, nearer to the mines, became a major port and the capital in 1763
 * A societal hierarchy based on color remained in force
 * The gold and diamonds did not contribute much to Portuguese economic development
 * Pombal and Brazil **
 * MI:** The **Marquis of Pombal** directed Portuguese affairs from 1755 to 1776.


 * The authoritarian **Pombal** suppressed opposition to his policies
 * **The Jesuits** were expelled from the empire in 1759
 * Monopoly companies were formed to make agriculture better
 * New regions began to emerge, such as the Amazon territory
 * Pombal abolished slavery in Portugal, but not in Brazil
 * To help increase population growth, Indians were removed from missionary control and mixed marriages were encouraged
 * the colony remained based on slavery
 * Trade was great at the beginning, but suffered when demand for Brazilian products remained low
 * Spain and Portugal were weakened by European political and social turmoil

Effects of the gold and silver on portuguese and spanish economies It helped the expansion of colonial landholdings coerced labor=>slavery=>African slavery It increased ability to purchase manufactuared goods did not focus on making manufactuared goods, since they were buying it from England both economies became dependent on gold\silver exports when gold and silver dropped spain and portuguese became even more dependent on England
 * Same:**

Portugal became more involved in the international slave trade Spain did not, they focused on bringing wealth to the nation
 * difference:**