3.Western+Europe

=**Day 1**.= Began in West Asia but received its big break when Constantine converted himself and his people to it, and decided to adopt it as the empire's main religion Even after the Roman Empire fell, the catholic church continued to grow People relied on the religion during a politically unstable period in Europe The church took over, and now the new emperor was Jesus Christianity became authority figures and it influenced the beliefs and cultures of European people Kings started to convert to Christianity in order to maintain control over people Christianity helped to create laws during the dark ages that induced forced worship Scandinavians Vikings send raids around the North Sea between 490-600 because of good weather Slaves were captured in raids In Britain and north Europe monasteries were often destroyed because they contained goods and they were unprotected King of Frankish Empire was crown by Charlemagne in 771 Expands Frankish kingdom to the east; took over nations such as Slovenia and Croatia Pushed south into Italy Gave freedom to the romans and gained the title of "protectors of the church" also freed jews After the death of Louis II, the empire had a deprivation of leadership and they had no one to control their politics, so thats when we first see Feudalism Was a political and economic system Serfs became property of their feudal lords Christianity continued to be a dominant force in Europe Christian crusades in the 11th and into the 12th centuries would bind the people of Europe together under one common religious group ( just like islam did) Expanded into Low Countries, Kingdom of Burgundy, Bohemia, Austria, and Italy Opened way for Muslim conquests in Europe Normans invade England and become the ruling class in England First step towards democracy since roman fell They had superior military technology They had strength in numbers because they forced people to join in the "army" They invaded at a time when Europe was weak, because of the black death rome did not have enough people to fight a war They learned diplomacy and political maneuvering The Black death killed lots of people, it started in Asia and it spread to Europe after Mongols spread it to Arabs through trades =**Day 2.**= media type="custom" key="7544361" These 35 laws were basically created to keep the empire organized, and i like how some of these laws still exsisting today, ofcourse they changed a little but the concept is the same. I also liked how the King was actually trying to help the lower classes people. media type="custom" key="7548261" media type="custom" key="7548273" =**Day 3**= media type="custom" key="7557019"
 * Impact of Christianity** (490-600)
 * Reign of Charles Martel & Viking Raids** (600 - 755)
 * The Rise of the Franks** (755-850)
 * Feudalism** (840 - 967)
 * Christianity and the High Middle Ages & Expansion of Holy Roman Empire** (967 - 1060)
 * Effects of the Crusades, Norman conquest of England and Magna Carta** (1060-1240)
 * Why the Golden Horde was able to dominate Europe and the Black Death Plague** (1240 - 1350)


 * ESPIRIT CHART ON WESTERN CULTURE **
 * E || **Economic:**
 * based on farming
 * goods never left the grounds of the manor
 * trade strengthen
 * ** merchants and bankers become rich **
 * Guilds protected the interests of craftsmen
 * Restrain capitalist in trading ||
 * S || **Social:**
 * Aristotle clear exposition of rational thought valued
 * Systems of Feudalism and Manorialism
 * Kings and Wealthy landlords on the top of the pyramid
 * Vassals below Kings
 * Knights below Vassals
 * serfs on the bottom
 * Three estates = church;nobles;urban leaders
 * Serfs lived on agricultural estates called manors
 * Serfs had to give harvest to the land owner
 * Serfs weren't slaves
 * Women decreased roles as Europe continued to develop ||
 * P || **Political:**
 * feudalism system
 * Lords held control over large swaths of lands
 * Lords had vassals;knights;serfs reported to them
 * Frankish and Germanic kingdoms rise ( Caroligians, Charles Martel, Charlemagne )
 * Western European leaders converted to Christianity therefore they gained stronger control over peasantry
 * Muslim Moors were expelled by Christians
 * Magna Carta: King John to be aware of certain rights of nobility
 * Showed power struggle between leaders + rich aristocratic ||
 * I || **Interactions:**
 * ** William the Conqueror ** (Norman) = invaded England (1056) that brought feudalism
 * Viking raids throughout the North Sea but it stop after they converted to Christianity
 * ** Crusades ** = holy wars fought by Christians in effort to regain holy land;
 * Soldiers motivated by belief of heaven + salvation
 * ** Pope Urban II ** considered to be the most successful Crusaders ||
 * R || **Religion:**
 * Clerics stressed the importance of faith in God’s word
 * Christianity became influential after the fall of Rome
 * Clergy + church officials = only source of information about outside world
 * Clergy = almost the only educated people in Western Europe
 * Pope struggles later on because of stronger Holy Roman Emperors
 * Scholars still debate reason vs. faith and Peter Abelard vs. Bernard of Calirvaux ||
 * I || **Cultural & Intellectual:**
 * Christian culture dominated European philosophy + art
 * Clergy tried to preserved the writings of church father (Augustine)
 * Gothic style of architecture replaced classical building styles
 * ** Scholasticism ** = a method of learning taught by the academics of medieval universities + a program that process in articulating/defending orthodoxy
 * languages develop (French + English)
 * ** Thomas Aquinas ** (Italian Priest) = classical proponent of natural theology + father of Thomistic school of philosophy + theology.
 * Thomas influence on Western thought ||
 * T || **Technology and demographic changes**:
 * ** Three field system ** = allowed peasants to keep their fields full of nutrients (remaining productive)
 * ** Moldboard ** helped peasants to till their farmland deeper (farming= efficient + effective) ||

ESPIRIT CHART ON AZTECS


 * E || **Economic: **
 * Aztec built ingenious system of irrigated agriculture by building chinampas for agriculture (beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth.
 * Yield from chinampa agriculture was high: four corn crops a year were possible
 * Communities had periodic markets (variety of goods were exchanged) ||
 * S || **Social: **
 * Group of 10,000 who migrated to the shores of Lake Texcoco (central valley of Mexico)
 * Central valley had Chichimec and Farmers
 * Reputation as tough warriors
 * Warrior nobles took lands and tribute from conquered towns
 * Extended from the Tarasca frontier to the Maya area
 * People were force to pay tribute, surrender lands + military service
 * People that surrendered paid less
 * Tribute payments; food; slave, sacrificial victims = served political and economic ends
 * 120,000 mantles of cotton were collected as tribute each year and sent to Tenochtitlan
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Divided into calpulli (clans) form of organization that later expanded and adapted to their imperial position\
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Calpulli = residential groupings, neighbors, allies and dependants
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Calpulli governed by councils of family heads but not all families were equal
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Every person, noble/commoner belonged to a calpulli
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Later overshadowed by the military and administrative nobility of the state
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Nobles controlled priesthood + military leadership
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Banners, cloaks and other insignia marked off the military ranks
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The imperial family = most distinguished of the pipiltin families
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Had people like serf that served as laborers on lands ( war captives, criminals/people sold themselves into bondage o escape hunger)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Another group were the scribes, artisans, and healers which were important to big cities
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Population was 1.5 million to more than 25 million (historical demographers estimate reached over 20 million) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">P || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Political: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Aztec rise to power and formatted a imperial state (rapidly)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Aztec tribe = used political anarchy to invade the area of agricultural peoples
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Lake dominated by tribes or people organized into city-states
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">State marriages and political maneuvers; competing powers and shifting alliances
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Served as mercenaries -> to allies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Rule by a king who represented civil power and preventative of the gods on earth
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Great Speaker, the ruler of Tenochtitlan was chosen from the nobility
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The prime minister was close relative of the ruler
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Governing council were rulers in other cities
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Most power was in the hands of the Aztec ruler and his chief advisor ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Interactions: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Based on military power and their connection to Toltec culture
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Cacao beans and gold dust used as currency (trade was done as barter
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Tlatelolco (great market) controlled by the special merchant class (porchteca)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Long-distance trade in luxury items (plumes of tropical birds and cacao)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">merchants served also as spies or agents for the Aztec military ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">R || * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Fanatical followed of theirs gods -> offered human sacrifice
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Human sacrifice expanded into an enormous cult
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The gods of rain, fire, water, corn, the sky, and the sun -> pasted onto the Aztecs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">128 major deities
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Some gods were thought to be the patrons of specific cities/groups/occupations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Gave gods a yearly festivals and ceremonies (feasting + dancing)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Three major themes or cults Tlaloc, Huitzilopochtli and Nexhualcoyotl
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Tlaloc; god of rain and the gods/goddesses of water, maize, and fertility
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec tribal patron became the central figure of the cult
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Nexhualcoyotl; the king of Texcoco, wrote hymns that supported all the gods.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Brought polytheism and monotheism ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Rewrote history to suit their purposes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">spoke Nahuatl (language of Toltecs)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Aztecs art and poetry are filled with images of flowers, birds, and songs (religious art)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">human hearts and blood (the precious water needed to sustain the gods)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">peasant women helped in the field but household was first (cooking and child rearing)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">marriages were arranged
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Polygamy excisted but peasant were monogamous ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">T || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Lake of Texcoco provided a rich aquatic environment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Lakes became cultural heartland and population center of Mexico
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Technology limited social development
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Grinding corn by hand on stone boards took long ||
 * Notes on Decline of Medieval Synthesis:**
 * disease
 * War lasted hundred years between England and France
 * France victory
 * agriculture couldn't keep up with population growth
 * Black Death challeged population and social strcuture
 * tensions between peasants and landslords
 * because of the internal problems such as disease(decrease of population) and tensions between peasants and landslords trade wasnt going well so economy decreased
 * manufacturing and mining technology accelerated
 * traditional fighting
 * French kings influence ont eh papacy
 * Church was weakened (lost some grip on Western religious life)
 * Religion = not declining
 * women made emotional contacts with God and popular heresies with leader in England and Bohemia
 * Middles Ages implies a luill between the glories of Roma and the gliter of more modern Europe
 * gained populations, trade, cities, etc
 * Universities and Gothic art were legacy to Western society
 * builts Christian and feudal traditions
 * relationship between Europe and the regions around it
 * advance by imitation from technology to science to trade and consumption
 * universities had Arab origins, higher schools of the Muslim world